/*--------------------------------------------------------------| | Principal Components analysis of Crime Rates in the U.S. | | | |--------------------------------------------------------------*/ title 'PCA: Crime rates per 100,000 population by state'; data crime; input State $1-15 Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny Auto ST $; datalines; Alabama 14.2 25.2 96.8 278.3 1135.5 1881.9 280.7 AL Alaska 10.8 51.6 96.8 284.0 1331.7 3369.8 753.3 AK Arizona 9.5 34.2 138.2 312.3 2346.1 4467.4 439.5 AZ Arkansas 8.8 27.6 83.2 203.4 972.6 1862.1 183.4 AR California 11.5 49.4 287.0 358.0 2139.4 3499.8 663.5 CA Colorado 6.3 42.0 170.7 292.9 1935.2 3903.2 477.1 CO Connecticut 4.2 16.8 129.5 131.8 1346.0 2620.7 593.2 CT Delaware 6.0 24.9 157.0 194.2 1682.6 3678.4 467.0 DE Florida 10.2 39.6 187.9 449.1 1859.9 3840.5 351.4 FL Georgia 11.7 31.1 140.5 256.5 1351.1 2170.2 297.9 GA Hawaii 7.2 25.5 128.0 64.1 1911.5 3920.4 489.4 HI Idaho 5.5 19.4 39.6 172.5 1050.8 2599.6 237.6 ID Illinois 9.9 21.8 211.3 209.0 1085.0 2828.5 528.6 IL Indiana 7.4 26.5 123.2 153.5 1086.2 2498.7 377.4 IN Iowa 2.3 10.6 41.2 89.8 812.5 2685.1 219.9 IA Kansas 6.6 22.0 100.7 180.5 1270.4 2739.3 244.3 KS Kentucky 10.1 19.1 81.1 123.3 872.2 1662.1 245.4 KY Louisiana 15.5 30.9 142.9 335.5 1165.5 2469.9 337.7 LA Maine 2.4 13.5 38.7 170.0 1253.1 2350.7 246.9 ME Maryland 8.0 34.8 292.1 358.9 1400.0 3177.7 428.5 MD Massachusetts 3.1 20.8 169.1 231.6 1532.2 2311.3 1140.1 MA Michigan 9.3 38.9 261.9 274.6 1522.7 3159.0 545.5 MI Minnesota 2.7 19.5 85.9 85.8 1134.7 2559.3 343.1 MN Mississippi 14.3 19.6 65.7 189.1 915.6 1239.9 144.4 MS Missouri 9.6 28.3 189.0 233.5 1318.3 2424.2 378.4 MO Montana 5.4 16.7 39.2 156.8 804.9 2773.2 309.2 MT Nebraska 3.9 18.1 64.7 112.7 760.0 2316.1 249.1 NE Nevada 15.8 49.1 323.1 355.0 2453.1 4212.6 559.2 NV New Hampshire 3.2 10.7 23.2 76.0 1041.7 2343.9 293.4 NH New Jersey 5.6 21.0 180.4 185.1 1435.8 2774.5 511.5 NJ New Mexico 8.8 39.1 109.6 343.4 1418.7 3008.6 259.5 NM New York 10.7 29.4 472.6 319.1 1728.0 2782.0 745.8 NY North Carolina 10.6 17.0 61.3 318.3 1154.1 2037.8 192.1 NC North Dakota 0.9 9.0 13.3 43.8 446.1 1843.0 144.7 ND Ohio 7.8 27.3 190.5 181.1 1216.0 2696.8 400.4 OH Oklahoma 8.6 29.2 73.8 205.0 1288.2 2228.1 326.8 OK Oregon 4.9 39.9 124.1 286.9 1636.4 3506.1 388.9 OR Pennsylvania 5.6 19.0 130.3 128.0 877.5 1624.1 333.2 PA Rhode Island 3.6 10.5 86.5 201.0 1489.5 2844.1 791.4 RI South Carolina 11.9 33.0 105.9 485.3 1613.6 2342.4 245.1 SC South Dakota 2.0 13.5 17.9 155.7 570.5 1704.4 147.5 SD Tennessee 10.1 29.7 145.8 203.9 1259.7 1776.5 314.0 TN Texas 13.3 33.8 152.4 208.2 1603.1 2988.7 397.6 TX Utah 3.5 20.3 68.8 147.3 1171.6 3004.6 334.5 UT Vermont 1.4 15.9 30.8 101.2 1348.2 2201.0 265.2 VT Virginia 9.0 23.3 92.1 165.7 986.2 2521.2 226.7 VA Washington 4.3 39.6 106.2 224.8 1605.6 3386.9 360.3 WA West Virginia 6.0 13.2 42.2 90.9 597.4 1341.7 163.3 WV Wisconsin 2.8 12.9 52.2 63.7 846.9 2614.2 220.7 WI Wyoming 5.4 21.9 39.7 173.9 811.6 2772.2 282.0 WY ; *-- PCA of correlation matrix; proc princomp data=crime out=crimcomp; var Murder Rape Robbery Assault Burglary Larceny Auto; proc plot data=crimcomp; plot prin2 * prin1 $ ST; title2 'Plot of the first two principal components'; run; proc plot data=crimcomp; plot prin3 * prin1 $ ST; title2 'Plot of the first and third principal components'; run; *-- For comparison: PCA of covariance matrix; title 'PCA of covariance matrix'; proc princomp data=crime COV; run;