(International) (Statistical) (Institute) returned 207 hits

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1
Author: Hipparchus (190-120BC)
Measurement of the year with great accuracy and building of the first comprehensive star chart with 850 stars and a luminosity, or brightness, scale; discovery of the precision of the equinoxes
Category: Statistics & Graphics
2
Author: Eratosthenes (276BC-194BC)
Calculation of the diameter of the earth by measuring noontime shadows at sites 800 km. apart
Category: Statistics & Graphics
3
Author: Unknown
Earliest known attempt to show changing values graphically (positions of the sun, moon, and planets throughout the year)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
4
Author: Ramon Llull (1235-1316)
Triangular diagrams of paired comparisons for electoral systems (how to elect a Pope or Mother Superior, when all the candidates are voting)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
5
Author: Ramon Llull (1235-1316)
Mechanical diagrams of knowledge, as aids to reasoning (served as an inspiration to Leibnitz in the development of symbolic logic)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
6
Author: Nicole Oresme (1320-1382)
Proto-bar graph (of a theoretical function), and development of the logical relation between tabulating values, and graphing them (pre-dating Descartes). Oresme proposed the use of a graph for plotting a variable magnitude whose value depends on another, and, implicitly, the idea of a coordinate system
Category: Statistics & Graphics
7
Author: Nicolas of Cusa (1401-1464)
Graphs of distance vs. speed, presumably of the theoretical relation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
8
Author: Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Use of rectangular coordinates to analyze velocity of falling objects
Category: Statistics & Graphics
9
Author: Regnier Gemma-Frisius (1508-1555)
Theoretical description of how longitude may be determined using difference of times by a clock and the associated observed change in star positions (not implemented)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
10
Author: Regnier Gemma-Frisius (1508-1555)
Description of how to determine mapping locations by triangulation, from similar triangles, and with use of angles w.r.t meridians
Category: Statistics & Graphics
11
Author: Georg Joachim Rheticus (1514-1574)
Trigonometric tables (published 1596 posthumously)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
12
Author: Niccolo Fontana Tartaglia (1499-1557)
Development of a method to fix position and survey land using compass-bearing and distance. (Tartaglia is better known for discovering a method to solve cubic equations)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
13
Author: Gerolamo Cardano (1501-1576)
Liber de Ludo Alaea, a practical guide to gambling, containing the first systematic computation of probabilities; written in 1562, but not published until 1663.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
14
Author: Unknown
Tables of empirical data, published tables of numbers begin to appear. "Die Tabellen-Statistik,'' as a branch of statistics devoted to the numerical description of facts
Category: Statistics & Graphics
15
Author: John Napier (1550-1617)
Invention of logarithms, and the first published tables of logarithms.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
16
Author: Willebrord van Roijen Snell (1580-1626)
First use of Frisius' method of trigonometric triangulation to produce locations of major cities in Holland; foundation of geodesy
Category: Statistics & Graphics
17
Author: Christopher Scheiner (1575-1650)
Visual representations used to chart the changes in sunspots over time. Also, the first known use of the idea of "small multiples'' to show a series of images in a coherent display
Category: Statistics & Graphics
18
Author: Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Statistical analysis of observations on location of Tycho Brahe's star of 1572, based on idea that the most probable hypothesis is the one having the smallest (least absolute value) deviations
Category: Statistics & Graphics
19
Authors: René Descartes (1596-1650) & Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665)
Coordinate system reintroduced in mathematics, analytic geometry; relationship established between graphed line and equation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
20
Author: Michael F. van Langren (1598-1675)
First visual representation of statistical data: variations in determination of longitude between Toledo and Rome
Category: Statistics & Graphics
21
Authors: Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) & Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)
Initial statements of the theory of probability
Category: Statistics & Graphics
22
Author: Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)
First text on probability
Category: Statistics & Graphics
23
Author: John Graunt (1620-1674)
Founding of demographic statistics: Development of the idea that vital statistics (records of christenings and burials in London) could be used to construct life tables. The average life expectancy in London was 27 years, with 65\% dying by age 16
Category: Statistics & Graphics
24
Author: Jean Talon (1626-1694)
First modern complete demographic census, a record of each individual by name of the 3215 inhabitants of New France
Category: Statistics & Graphics
25
Author: Christiaan Huygens (1629-1695)
First graph of a continuous distribution function, a graph of Gaunt's life table, and a demonstration of how to find the median remaining lifetime for a person of given age
Category: Statistics & Graphics
26
Author: Jan de Witt (1625-1672)
First attempt to determine scientifically what should be the purchase price of annuities, using mortality tables
Category: Statistics & Graphics
27
Author: Edmond Halley (1656-1742)
Bivariate plot of a theoretical curve derived from observations (barometric pressure vs. altitude), graphical analysis based on empirical data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
28
Author: William Petty (1623-1687)
Use of statistics for international comparisons, e.g., London vs. Rome and London vs. Paris, compared in people, housing, hospitals, etc.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
29
Author: Edmond Halley (1656-1742)
First real mortality tables, containing the ages at death of a stable sample of individuals under stable conditions (from Breslau Bills of Mortality)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
30
Author: Edmond Halley (1656-1742)
First use of areas of rectangles to display probabilities of independent binary events
Category: Statistics & Graphics
31
Author: Edmond Halley (1656-1742)
Contour maps showing curves of equal value (an isogonic map, lines of equal magnetic declination for the world, possibly the first contour map of a data-based variable)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
32
Author: John Arbuthnot (1667-1735)
First test of statistical significance based on deviation between observed data and a null hypothesis (used to show that the guiding hand of a devine being could be discerned in the nearly constant ratio of male to female births in London over 1629--1710)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
33
Author: Francis Hauksbee (1666-1713)
Literal line graph, inspired by observation of nature (section of hyperbola, formed by capillary action of colored water between two glass plates)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
34
Author: Nicolaus Samuel Cruquius (1678-1754)
Abstract line graph (of barometric observations), not analyzed
Category: Statistics & Graphics
35
Authors: Jacob Bernoulli (1654-1705) & Gregorio Fontana (1735-1803)
Development of the use of polar coordinates for the representation of functions. Newton's Method of Fluxions was written about 1671, but not published until 1736. Jacob Bernoulli published a derivation of the idea in 1691 attributes the development of polar coordinates to Fontana, with no date.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
36
Authors: Johann Peter Süssmilch (1707-1767)
Beginnings of the study of population statistics (demography)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
37
Author: Gottfried Achenwall (1719-1772)
First use of the term "statistik.'' The word "statistics'' was first used by Zimmerman in 1787. (For the earlier use of "statist'', "statista'' and other terms, see cite{John:1883}.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
38
Authors: Rogerius Josephus Boscovich (1711-1787) & Johanes Tobias Mayer (1723-1762)
Beginnings of the estimation of $m$ unknown quantities from $n$ emipirical equations (where $n > m$), taking account of the possibility of errors in the observations (later supplanted by the method of least squares)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
39
Author: Leonhard Euler (1707-1783)
Introduction of a notation which gives a name and address to every possible point in 3D space, $(x,y,z)$.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
40
Author: Thomas Bayes (1702-1761)
Graph of the beta density
Category: Statistics & Graphics
41
Author: Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)
Theory of measurement error as deviations from regular graphed line. (Lambert made the observation that "a diagram does incomparably better service here than a table.''cite[p. 204]{Tilling:1975}
Category: Statistics & Graphics
42
Author: Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)
Repeated systematic application of graphical analysis (line graphs applied to empirical measurements)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
43
Authors: Gaspard Monge Comte de Péluse (1746-1818)
Development of descriptive geometry, that leads to engineering drawing
Category: Statistics & Graphics
44
Author: Johann Heinrich Lambert (1728-1777)
Graphical analysis of periodic variation (in soil temperature), and the first semi-graphic display combining tabular and graphical formats
Category: Statistics & Graphics
45
Author: August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome (1753-1833)
Statistical map of production in Europe, possibly the first economic and thematic map (shows geographic distribution of 56 commodities produced in Europe)
Category: Cartography
46
Author: Charles de Fourcroy (1766-c.1810)
Use of geometric, proportional figures (squares) to compare demographic quantities by superposition, an early "tableau graphique''
Category: Statistics & Graphics
47
Author: August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome (1753-1833)
Superimposed squares to compare areas (of European states)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
48
Author: William Playfair (1759-1823)
Bar chart, line graphs of economic data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
49
Authors: Louis Ézéchiel Pouchet (1748-1809)
Multi-number graphical calculation (proto-nomogram: contours applied to multiplication table, later rectified by Lalanne cite{Lalanne:1846})
Category: Statistics & Graphics
50
Author: Alexander Keith
Idea for continuous log of automatically recorded time series graphs (of temperature and barometric pressure), also recording the maximum and minimum
Category: Statistics & Graphics
51
Author: William Playfair (1759-1823)
Invention of the pie chart, and circle graph, used to show part-whole relations
Category: Statistics & Graphics
52
Author: Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
Methods of determining an orbit from at least three observations; presentation of the least squares method
Category: Statistics & Graphics
53
Author: Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace (1749-1827)
The central limit theorem explains why many distributions tend to be close to the normal distribution. The key ingredient is that the random variable being observed should be the sum or mean of many independent identically distributed random variables.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
54
Author: Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)
Charts using subdivided bar graphs, and superimposed squares, showing the relative size of Mexican territories and populations in the colonies
Category: Statistics & Graphics
55
Author: Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)
First graph of isotherms, showing mean temperature around the world by latitude and longitude. Recognizing that temperature depends more on latitude and altitude, a subscripted graph shows the direct relation of temperature on these two variables
Category: Statistics & Graphics
56
Author: Baron Pierre Charles Dupin (1784-1873)
Choropleth map with shadings from black to white (distribution and intensity of illiteracy in France), the first (unclassed) choropleth map, and perhaps the first modern statistical map. (This map dates from 1826 cite[Plate 1, vol. 2]{Dupin:1827} according to Robinson cite[p. 232]{Robinson:1982}, rather than 1819 according to Funkhouser cite{Funkhouser:1937})
Category: Cartography
57
Author: Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (1768-1830)
Ogive or cumulative frequency curve, inhabitants of Paris by age groupings (shows the number of inhabitants of Paris per 10,000 in 1817 who were of a given age or over. The name "ogive'' is due to Galton.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
58
Author: Benjamin Gompertz (1779-1865)
Gompertz curve, derived to describe expected mortality statistics for a population of organisms whose probability of death increases as a function of time
Category: Statistics & Graphics
59
Author: Baron Pierre Charles Dupin (1784-1873)
Choropleth map with shadings from black to white (distribution and intensity of illiteracy in France), the first (unclassed) choropleth map, and perhaps the first modern statistical map
Category: Cartography
60
Author: Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)
Mortality curves drawn from empirical data (for Belgium and France)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
61
Authors: André Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
Polar-area charts (predating those by Florence Nightingale cite{Nightingale:1857}), showing frequency of events for cyclic phenomena
Category: Statistics & Graphics
62
Author: Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
Graphical analysis of natural phenomena begins to appear on a regular basis in scientific publications, particularly in England. For example, in 1832, Faraday proposes pictorial representation of electric and magnetic lines of force.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
63
Author: John Frederick W. Herschel (1792-1871)
Fitting a smoothed curve to a scatterplot, advocacy of graph paper and graphical methods as standard tools of science. ["The process by which I propose to accomplish this is one essentially graphical; by which term I understand not a mere substitution of geometrical construction and measurement for numerical calculation, but one which has for its object to perform that which no system of calculation can possibly do, by bringing in the aid of the eye and hand to guide the judgment, in a case where judgment only, and not calculation, can be of any avail.'' (p. 178)]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
64
Authors: André Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
The first comprehensive analysis of data on "moral statistics'' (crimes, suicide, literacy, etc.) shown on thematic unclassed choropleth maps; bar charts (of crime, by age groupings and months)
Category: Cartography
65
Authors: André Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
Graphical rank lists, with lines showing shifts in rank order between categories (rank of types of crime from one age group to the next)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
66
Authors: Adolphe d' Angeville (1796-1856)
First broad and general application of principles of graphic representation to national industrial and population data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
67
Author: Alexandre Jean Baptiste Parent-Duchatelet (1790-1836)
Extensive data tabulation, time series, and mapping of prostitutes in Paris
Category: Statistics & Graphics
68
Authors: Pierre-François Verhulst (1804-1849)
Development of the logistic curve, $ y = k / (1 + C e^{rt})$, to describe the growth of human populations
Category: Statistics & Graphics
69
Authors: Léon Lalanne (1811-1892)
Contour map of a 3D table, temperature x hour x month (published in 1845)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
70
Authors: Léon Lalanne (1811-1892)
Use of polar coordinates in a graph(frequency of wind directions)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
71
Author: Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870)
"Tableau-graphique'' showing transportation of commercial traffic by variable-width (distance), divided bars (height $sim$ amount), area $sim$ cost of transport [An early form of the mosaic plot.]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
72
Authors: Léon Lalanne (1811-1892)
Logarithmic grid (the first log-log plot, as a nomogram for showing products from the factors)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
73
Author: Adolphe Quetelet (1796-1874)
Results of sampling from urns shown as symmetrical histograms, with limiting "curve of possibility'' (later called the normal curve)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
74
Author: Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870)
Map incorporating statistical diagrams: circles proportional to coal production (published in 1861)
Category: Cartography
75
Author: Unknown
Statistical graphics used in a lawsuit. (Reported by Ernst Engel at the 7th meetings of the International Statistical Congress, 1869, The Hague
Category: Statistics & Graphics
76
Author: International Statistical Institute (1885-)
First international statistics conference (organized by Quetelet)
Category: Other
77
Authors: André Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
Guerry's ordonnateur statistique is arguably the first mechanical device invented
to aid statistical calculation and the assessment of the relationship between
social and moral variables.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
78
Author: Lt. Serjev (1800s)
An augmented graphic representation of a train schedule for 35 railways stations, between St. Petersburg and Moscow. This was designed by Lt. Sergev in 1854.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
79
Author: Charles Joseph Minard (1781-1870)
Minard, a visual engineer, was asked to investigate the cause of the collapse of the bridge at Bourg St. Andeol on the Rhone in 1840.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
80
Author: Joseph Stummer
Visual representation and data visualization of the history of the Emperor Ferdinand Northern railway from the beginning of the operation on the 6th. of January 1838 to the end of the year 1853. There are 2 years on every sheet, the horizontal scale is the timeline with the major events of the company like the opening of a new part of the track. There is a map of the rail network on every sheet for every year. The vertical scale are the revenues, from the bottom to the top income with passengers, from the top to the bottom income for transport of goods. In the lower right of every year you can see the number of locomotives, close to the center the number of the different wagons:1st class, 2nd class, 3rd class and freight wagons. As a data visualization this is very unusual in the amount of different kinds of data mixed together on one chart, over time. It is also very early for such an ambitious effort.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
81
Author: Unknown
Discussion of standardization and classification of graphical methods at the Third International Statistical Congress
Category: Other
82
Author: Unknown
Exhibition display of graphs and cartograms. Third International Statistical Congress
Category: Statistics & Graphics
83
Author: Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)
Polar area charts, known as "coxcombs'' (used in a campaign to improve sanitary conditions of army)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
84
Author: William Stanley Jevons (1835-1882)
Semilogarithmic grid (showing percentage changes in commodities)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
85
Authors: Émile Levasseur (1828-1911)
Statistical diagrams used in a school textbook
Category: Statistics & Graphics
86
Author: Gustav Zeuner (1828-1907)
Three-dimensional population surface or "stereogram,'' with axonometric projection to show curves of various "slices'' (sometimes known as a "Zeuner diagram)''
Category: Statistics & Graphics
87
Author: Hermann Schwabe (1830-1875)
Classification of statistical graphical treatments by form, with consideration of appropriate uses of color, graphical elements, limitations of perception. At the 8th ISI meetings, St. Petersburg.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
88
Author: Unknown
Congressional appropriation for graphical treatment of statistics
Category: Other
89
Author: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1903-)
Use of statistical graphics by USA Government in census reports (cartograms of data from Ninth Census)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
90
Author: Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903)
Graphical methods applied to explain fundamental relations in thermodynamics; this includes diagrams of entropy vs. temperature (where work or heat is proportional to area), and the first use of trilinear coordinates (graphs of (x,y,z) where x+y+z=constant)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
91
Author: Toussaint Loua (1824-1907)
First-known use of a semi-graphic table to display a data table by shading levels
Category: Statistics & Graphics
92
Author: Francis Amasa Walker (1840-1897)
Age pyramid (bilateral histogram), bilateral frequency polygon, and the use of subdivided squares to show the division of population by two variables jointly (an early mosaic display) in the first true U.S. national statistical atlas
Category: Statistics & Graphics
93
Authors: Louis-Léger Vauthier (1815-1881)
Population contour map (population density shown by contours), the first statistical use of a contour map
Category: Cartography
94
Author: Georg von Mayr (1841-1925)
Two-variable color map (showing the joint distribution of horses (red, vertical bars) and cattle (green, horizontal bars) in Bavaria, widths of bars $sim$ animals/km$^2$)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
95
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Galton's first semi-graphic scatterplot and correlation diagram, of head size and height, from his notebook on Special Peculiarities
Category: Statistics & Graphics
96
Author: Wilhelm Lexis (1837-1914)
Lexis diagram, showing relations among age, calendar time, and life spans of individuals simultaneously (but the paternity of this diagram is in dispute cite{Vandeschrick:2001})
Category: Statistics & Graphics
97
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Galton's first illustration of the idea of correlation, using sizes of the seeds of mother and daughter plants
Category: Statistics & Graphics
98
Author: Georg von Mayr (1841-1925)
First use of proportional, divided square in the modern (mosaic) form for data representation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
99
Author: Georg von Mayr (1841-1925)
First use of polar diagrams and star plots for data representation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
100
Author: Henry Pickering Bowditch (1840-1911)
Extensive statistical study of 24,500 children to improve school practice; early ideas of correlation and regression by quoting the "measure of stoutness'', the ratio of annual increase in pounds weight to annual increase in inches height. Includes six charts, showing curvilinear regresions.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
101
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Galton's 1877 (hypothetical) machine for visualizing Bayesian inference using a prior distribution.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
102
Author: Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904)
First attempt to survey, describe, and illustrate available graphic methods for experimental data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
103
Author: James Joseph Sylvester (1814-1897)
The term "graph'' introduced, referring to diagrams showing analogies between the chemical bonds in molecules and graphical representations of mathematical invariants (also coined the term "matrix'')
Category: Statistics & Graphics
104
Author: Luigi Perozzo (1856-1916)
Stereogram (three-dimensional population pyramid) modeled on actual data (Swedish census, 1750--1875)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
105
Authors: Émile Cheysson (1836-1910) & Ministere de Travaux Publics (1830-1870)
Album de Statistique Graphique, an annual series over 20 years, using all known graphic forms (map-based pies and stars, mosaic, line graphs, bar charts, and, of course, numerous flow maps) to depict data relevant to planning (railways, canals, ports, tramways, etc.) [This series, under the direction of Émile Cheysson, is regarded as the epitome of the "Golden Age of Statistical Graphics'']
Category: Statistics & Graphics
106
Author: John Venn (1834-1923)
Representation of logical propositions and relations diagrammatically. [Actually, Liebnitz and, to some degree, Euler had used such diagrams previously.]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
107
Author: Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914)
Statistical reasoning employed to create a new system of bodily measurement, specifically for identifying criminals
Category: Statistics & Graphics
108
Author: Charles Lallemand (1857-1938)
Combination of many variables into multi-function nomograms, using 3D, juxtaposition of maps, parallel coordinate and hexagonal grids (L'Abaque Triomphe)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
109
Author: Michael George Mulhall (1836-1900)
Pictogram, used to represent data by icons proportional to a number
Category: Statistics & Graphics
110
Authors: Maurice d' Ocagne (1862-1938)
The first alignment diagrams, using sets of parallel axes, rather than axes at right angles; development of the essential ideas used in parallel coordinates plots. [Using the principle of duality from projective geometry, d'Ocagne (1885) showed that a point on a graph with Cartesian coordinates transformed into a line on an alignment chart, that a line transformed into a point, and, finally, that a family of lines or a surface transformed into a single line cite(Hankins:1999)]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
111
Author: Francis Galton (1822-1911)
Normal correlation surface and regression, the idea that in a bivariate normal distribution, contours of equal frequency formed concentric ellipses, with the regression line connecting points of vertical tangents
Category: Statistics & Graphics
112
Authors: Émile Levasseur (1828-1911)
Comprehensive review of all available statistical graphics presented to the Statistical Society of London, classified as figures, maps, and solids (3D), perhaps the first mature attempt at a systematic classification of graphical forms
Category: Statistics & Graphics
113
Author: Etienne-Jules Marey (1830-1904)
Graphic representation of a train schedule showing rate of travel along the route from Paris to Lyon. The method is attributed to the French engineer Ibry, but new evidence suggests that Lt. Sergeev had developed this method approximately 30 years earlier in Russia.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
114
Authors: Émile Cheysson (1836-1910)
First anamorphic maps, using a deformation of spatial size to show a quantitative variable (e.g., the decrease in time to travel from Paris to various places in France over 200 years)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
115
Author: Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)
Social data, diagrams, including regional survey, incorporated in museum
Category: Statistics & Graphics
116
Author: William Edward Burghardt Du Bois (1868-1963)
At the Paris Exposition in 1900, W. E. B. Du Bois compiled an exhibit of hundreds of graphs and photographs depicting the history of Negroes in America, including over 60 statistical charts, graphs and maps.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
117
Authors: M. Fontaine (1900s) & Jacques Bertillon (1851-1922) & Émile Cheysson (1836-1910)
This work by Cheysson and Fontaine, reported by Bertillon, was the first proposal of standards for graphical presentation. The paper "Proposals to bring uniformity in the preparation of charts" discusses some key recommendations, including cautious use of symbols and hieroglyphs, and sparing use of comparison by areas. It is proposed that x and y scales be constructed so that the average behaviour corresponds to a curve of 45 degrees. Other attempts to formulate standards for graphical procedures at the International Statistical Congress are discussed in detail.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
118
Author: Arthur L. Bowley (1869-1957)
In one of the first statistical textbooks, Arthur Bowley (1901) illustrated an arithmetic and graphical analysis of time-series data using the total value of British and Irish exports from 1855-1899.  He presented a line graph of the time-series data, supplemented by overlaid line graphs of 3-, 5- and 10-year moving averages.  His goal was to show that while the initial series showed wide variability, moving averages made the series progressively smoother.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
119
Author: Edward Walter Maunder (1851-1928)
Use of the "butterfly diagram'' to study the variation of sunspots over time, leading to the discovery that they were markedly reduced in frequency from 1645--1715 (the "Maunder minimum''). [Earlier work, started in 1843 by H. Schwabe, showed that sunspots exhibit an approximately twenty-two year cycle, with each eleven-year cycle of sunspots followed by a reversal of the direction of the sun's magnetic field]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
120
Author: Max Otto Lorenz (1876-1959)
Lorenz curve (cumulative distribution by rank order, to facilitate study of concentrations, income distribution)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
121
Author: Unknown
Statistical diagrams begin to appear regularly in USA textbooks (graphs of temperature, population in texts of arithmetic, algebra)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
122
Author: John Bailey Peddle (1868-1933)
Textbook in English devoted exclusively to statistical graphics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
123
Author: Emil Eugen Roesle (1875-1962)
First International Hygiene-Exhibition in Dresden, with 259 graphical-statistical figures of 35 national and international exhibitors and more than 5 million visitors. [Roesle also wrote publications which dealt with the structure of graphical-statistical displays cite{Roesle:1913}.]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
124
Authors: Ejnar Hertzsprung (1873-1967) & Henry Norris Russell (1877-1957)
The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, a log-log plot of luminosity as a function of temperature for stars, used to explain the changes as a star evolves. It provided an entirely new way to look at stars, and laid the groundwork for modern stellar physics and evolution, developed independently by
Category: Statistics & Graphics
125
Author: Employees of New York City
Parade of statistical graphics, May 17, 1913, including large graphs on horse-drawn floats, and a photograph with people arranged in a bell-shaped curve
Category: Statistics & Graphics
126
Author: Henry Gwyn Jeffreys Moseley (1887-1915)
Discovery of the concept of atomic number, based largely on graphical analysis (a plot of serial numbers of the elements vs. square root of frequencies from X-ray spectra) The linear relations showed that the periodic table was explained by atomic number rather than, as had been supposed, atomic weight, and predicted the existence of several yet-undiscovered elements
Category: Statistics & Graphics
127
Author: Martin F. P. Costelloe
College course in statistical graphic methods, "The Graphic Method'' (possibly the first)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
128
Author: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1880-)
Published standards for graphical presentation (by representatives from several scientific societies)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
129
Author: Willard Cope Brinton (1880-1957)
Pictograms to represent a series of numbers by icons (combining concepts of the bar graph and pictogram of varying size)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
130
Author: American Statistical Association (1839-)
Creation of a standing committee on graphics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
131
Author: Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962)
Beginnings of the development of modern statistical theory (sampling distributions (1915), randomization, likelihood (1921), small sample theory, exact distributions, analysis of variance (1925), etc.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
132
Author: Frank Julian Warne (1874-1948)
Correspondence course in graphical methods (20 lessons for $50, supplemented by a book of 100 specimen illustrations of bar, curve, and circle diagrams; entended title includes "There's an idea in every chart'')
Category: Statistics & Graphics
133
Author: Henry Laurence Gantt (1861-1919)
Gantt chart, designed to show scheduled and actual progress of projects
Category: Statistics & Graphics
134
Author: E. P. Cubberly (1900s)
Annual college course in statistical graphical methods
Category: Statistics & Graphics
135
Author: Leonard Porter Ayres (1879-1946)
Social statistical chartbook, containing a variety of graphic and semi-graphic displays in a USA Government report. [The image below is a fine early example of a semi-graphic display, showing four variables simultaneously.]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
136
Author: Sewall Wright (1889-1988)
Invention of the path diagram to show relations among a network of endogenous and exogenous variables forming a system of structural equations
Category: Statistics & Graphics
137
Authors: Karl G. Karsten & A. R. Palmer & A. C. Haskell
Numerous textbooks on graphics, describing principles of graphical presentation of numerical information (published at a rate of about two each year), e.g.,
Category: Statistics & Graphics
138
Author: Otto Neurath (1882-1945)
Museum of Social Statistical Graphics and the ISOTYPE system (International System of Typographic Picture Education)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
139
Author: Mordecai J. B. Ezekial (1899-1974)
The essential idea behind what are now called partial residual plots are discussed in Ezekial's paper: "A method of handling curvilinear correlation for any number of variables". Later in history, this is rediscovered by Larsen and McCleary (1972).
Category: Statistics & Graphics
140
Author: Walter A. Shewhart (1891-1967)
Development of the control chart for statistical control of industrial processes
Category: Statistics & Graphics
141
Author: Walter C. Eells
Experimental test of statistical graphical forms (pie vs. subdivided bar charts)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
142
Authors: R. von Huhn & J. N. Washburne & F. E. Croxton
Spate of articles on experimental tests of statistical graphical forms
Category: Statistics & Graphics
143
Authors: R. von Huhn & J. N. Washburne & F. E. Croxton
Spate of articles on experimental tests of statistical graphical forms
Category: Statistics & Graphics
144
Author: Lawrence Joseph Henderson (1878-1942)
Nomogram of chemical concentrations in blood, showing the relations among over 20 components
Category: Statistics & Graphics
145
Author: Edgar Anderson (1897-1969)
Ideograph, a multivariate rectangular glyph, invented to display four variables and their relations (length and width of petals and sepals in iris flowers)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
146
Author: Heinz Von Foerster (1911-2002)
Table of historical events drawn on logarithmic paper
Category: Statistics & Graphics
147
Author: Unknown
Standard statistical symbols (Neurath's Isotype method) established by government decree (for schools, public posters, etc.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
148
Author: Unknown
Lapse of interest in statistical graphics, as concern with formal, "precise'', and numerical methods gained ascendancy (the modern "dark ages'' of statistical graphics)cite{FriendlyDenis:2001:valois}.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
149
Author: Howard Gray Funkhouser (1898-1984)
First modern review of the early history of statistical graphics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
150
Author: Edgar Anderson (1897-1969)
Circular glyphs, with rays to represent multivariate data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
151
Author: Alban William Housego Phillips (1914-1975)
The "Phillips Curve,'' a scatterplot of inflation vs. unemployment over time shows a strong inverse relation, leading to important developments in macroeconomic theory
Category: Statistics & Graphics
152
Author: Joseph B. Kruskal (1929-2010)
Beginnings of modern dynamic statistical graphics (a 1 minute movie of the iterative process of finding a multidimensional scaling solution)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
153
Author: John W. Tukey (1915-2000)
Beginnings of EDA: improvements on histogram in analysis of counts, tail values (hanging rootogram)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
154
Authors: R. Pickett & B. W. White
Triangular glyphs to represent simultaneously four variables, using sides and orientation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
155
Author: Jacques Bertin (1918-2010)
Comprehensive theory of graphical symbols and modes of graphics representation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
156
Author: Roberto Bachi (1909-1995)
Systematic "graphical rational patterns'' for statistical presentation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
157
Author: John W. Tukey (1915-2000)
Graphical innovations for exploratory data analysis (stem-and-leaf, graphical lists, box-and-whisker plots, two-way and extended-fit plots, hanging and suspended rootograms)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
158
Author: E. B. Fowlkes
The first well-known direct manipulation interactive system in statistics: allowed users to interactively control a power transformation in realtime for probability plotting
Category: Technology
159
Authors: Herman P. Friedman (c. 1930-2010) & R. M. Goldwyn (1936-1994) & J. H. Siegel
Irregular polygon ("star plot'') to represent multivariate data (with vertices at equally spaced intervals, distance from center proportional to the value of a variable) [but see Georg von Mayr in 1877 cite[S. 78]{vonMayr:1877} for first use]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
160
Author: Albert D. Biderman (1923-2003)
Proposal to use statistical graphics in social indicator reporting, particularly on television
Category: Statistics & Graphics
161
Author: Kuno Ruben Gabriel (1929-2003)
Development of the biplot, a method for visualizing both the observations and variables in a multivariate data set in a single display. Observations are typically represented by points, variables by vectors, such that the position of a point along a vector represents the data value
Category: Statistics & Graphics
162
Author: David F. Andrews
Form of Fourier series to generate plots of multivariate data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
163
Author: Herman Chernoff (1923-)
Cartoons of human face to represent multivariate data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
164
Author: Office of Management and Budget (1970-)
USA Government chartbook devoted exclusively to reporting social indicator statistics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
165
Author: Vincent P. Barabba (1934-)
Revival of statistical graphics innovation, use by U.S. Bureau of the Census
Category: Statistics & Graphics
166
Author: U.S. Bureau of the Census (1903-)
Color-coded bivariate matrix to represent two intervally measured variables in a single map (Urban Atlas series)[but see Georg von Mayr in 1874 cite[Fig. XIX]{vonMayr:1874} for first use]
Category: Statistics & Graphics
167
Author: Howard Wainer (1943-)
Comparative experimental test of histogram, hanging histogram and hanging rootogram
Category: Statistics & Graphics
168
Authors: Jerome H. Friedman & John W. Tukey (1915-2000) & M. A. Fishkeller (1915-2000)
Start of true interactive graphics in statistics; PRIM-9, the first system in statistics with 3-D data rotations provided dynamic tools for projecting, rotating, isolating and masking multidimensional data in up to nine dimensions
Category: Statistics & Graphics
169
Author: Office of Management and Budget (1970-)
Weekly chartbook (eventually computer-generated) to brief U.S. President, Vice President on economic and social matters
Category: Statistics & Graphics
170
Author: Stephen E. Fienberg (1942-)
"Four-Fold Circular Display'' to represent 2 x 2 table
Category: Statistics & Graphics
171
Authors: Beat Kleiner & William S. Cleveland
Enhancement of scatterplot with plots of three moving statistics (midmean and lower and upper semimidmean)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
172
Authors: Herman Chernoff (1923-) & M. H. Rizvi
Experiment showing random permutations of features used in Chernoff's faces affect error rate of classification by about 25 percent
Category: Statistics & Graphics
173
Author: Andrew S. C. Ehrenberg (1926-2010)
Experimental tests of statistical graphics vs tables, findings favoring latter
Category: Statistics & Graphics
174
Author: John Hartigan (1937-)
Scatterplot matrix, the idea of plotting all pairwise scatterplots for n variables in a tabular display
Category: Statistics & Graphics
175
Authors: Office of Management and Budget (1970-) & U.S. Bureau of the Census (1903-)
Monthly chartbook (eventually computer-generated) to brief U.S. President, Vice President on economic and social matters (StatUS)  
Category: Statistics & Graphics
176
Authors: Mark Reiser & Howard Wainer (1943-)
"Cartesian rectangle'' to represent 2 x 2 table, experimentally tested against other forms
Category: Statistics & Graphics
177
Author: American Statistical Association (1839-)
Ad Hoc Committee on Statistical Graphics, leading to the ASA Section on Statistical Graphics, later to the Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics
Category: Statistics & Graphics
178
Author: Carol Newton (1925-)
Original invention of linked brushing (highlighting of observations selected in one display in another display of the same data), although in a manner different from how we see it in today's systems
Category: Statistics & Graphics
179
Authors: Richard A. Becker (1887-1955) & John M. Chambers
S, a language and environment for statistical computation and graphics. S (later sold as a commercial package, S-Plus; more recently, a public-domain implementation, R is widely available), would become a lingua franca for statistical computation and graphics
Category: Technology
180
Author: Mark Monmonier (1943-)
Geographic correlation diagram, showing the bivariate relation between two spatially referenced variables using vectors to represent geographic covariation
Category: Statistics & Graphics
181
Authors: Robert Spence (1933-) & Mark D. Apperley
An initial, modern suggestion of a method for viewing a large database by the use of selective focus around a central region, using distortion to provide a context.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
182
Authors: Beat Kleiner & John Hartigan (1937-)
Mosaic display to represent frequencies in a multiway contingency table
Category: Statistics & Graphics
183
Authors: John W. Tukey (1915-2000) & Paul A. Tukey
The "draftsman display'' for three-variables (leading soon to the "scatterplot matrix'') and initial ideas for conditional plots and sectioning (leading later to "coplots'' and "trellis displays'')
Category: Statistics & Graphics
184
Author: John A. McDonald
Another early version of brushing, invented independently of Newton, together with a system for 3-D rotations of data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
185
Authors: Hans Riedwyl (1935-2001) & Michel Schüpbach
Sieve diagram, for representing frequencies in a two-way contingency table
Category: Statistics & Graphics
186
Author: Edward Tufte (1942-)
Esthetics and information integrity for graphics defined and illustrated (some concepts: "data-ink ratio'', "lie factor'')
Category: Statistics & Graphics
187
Author: Daniel Asimov
Grand tour, for viewing high-dimensional data sets via a structured progression of 2D projections
Category: Statistics & Graphics
188
Author: Alfred Inselberg (1936-)
Parallel coordinates plots for high-dimensional data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
189
Authors: William S. Cleveland & Richard A. Becker (1887-1955)
Interactive statistical graphics, systematized: allowing brushing, linking, other forms of interaction
Category: Statistics & Graphics
190
Authors: Antony Unwin & Graham Wills
Interactive graphics for multiple time series with direct manipulation (zoom, rescale, overlaying, etc.)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
191
Authors: P. Craig & J. Haslett & Mark Monmonier (1943-) & Antony Unwin & Graham Wills
Statistical graphics interactively linked to map displays
Category: Cartography
192
Author: Ted Mihalisin (1940-)
Use of "nested dimensions'' (related to trellis and mosaic displays) for the visualization of multidimensional data. Continuous variables are binned, and variables are allocated to the horizontal and vertical dimensions in a nested fashion
Category: Statistics & Graphics
193
Author: Luke Tierney (1954-)
Lisp-Stat, an object-oriented environment for statistical computing and dynamic graphics
Category: Technology
194
Authors: Andreas Buja (1951-) & Catherine Hurley
Grand tours combined with multivariate analysis
Category: Statistics & Graphics
195
Authors: Paul A. Tukey & John W. Tukey (1915-2000)
Textured dot strips to display empirical distributions
Category: Statistics & Graphics
196
Author: Niels Keiding (1944-)
Lexis pencil: display of multivariate data in the context of life-history
Category: Statistics & Graphics
197
Author: Edward Wegman (1943-)
Statistical theory and methods for parallel coordinates plots
Category: Statistics & Graphics
198
Author: Michael Friendly (1945-)
Mosaic display developed as a visual analysis tool for log-linear models (beginning general methods for visualizing categorical data)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
199
Author: Ben Shneiderman (1947-)
Treemaps, for space-constrained visualization of hierarchies, using nested rectangles (size proportional to some numerical measure of the node)
Category: Statistics & Graphics
200
Authors: Andreas Buja (1951-) & Deborah Swayne (1940-2006) & Di Cook (1960-) & Forrest Young (1940-2006)
A spate of development and public distribution of highly interactive systems for data analysis and visualization, e.g., XGobi, ViSta
Category: Technology
201
Author: Michael Friendly (1945-)
Beginnings of the general extension of graphical methods to categorical (frequency) data
Category: Statistics & Graphics
202
Author: Leland Wilkinson (1944-)
Grammar of Graphics: A comprehensive systematization of grammatical rules for data and graphs and graph algebras within an object-oriented, computational framework
Category: Statistics & Graphics
203
Author: Jim Flanagan
Tag clouds (also known as "word clouds") are visually stimulating summaries of large bodies of text.  Their purpose is to take a selection of text and visually display the frequency of the most commonly used words within that document.  These are useful for qualitative analyses by highlighting major themes found in particular works of interest.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
204
Author: Edward Tufte (1942-)
Sparklines: "data-intense, design-simple, word-sized graphics,'' designed to show graphic information inline with text and tables
Category: Statistics & Graphics
205
Author: Hans Rosling (1948-)
The moving buble chart.
Category: Statistics & Graphics
206
Author: Hadley Wickham (1979-)
An influential, open source implementation of the Grammar of Graphics from Wilkinson (1999) in R, together with other computational tools to make it easier to produce beautiful statistical diagrams
Category: Statistics & Graphics
207
Author: Martin. I. Krzywinski (1971)
A circular diagram desgined to facilitate the analysis of relationship among categorical and other variables using chords of a circle with various visual attributes. The main application is to genomic structure, where the chords can encode various properties of genomic sequences.
Category: Statistics & Graphics